Ontimpr7*. Can improvisation be taught

Orientation and Definitions

If Jazz Improvisation Cannot be Taught It Would Be Surprising to Music Instructors

It should and would come as a surprise to teacher's of jazz improvisation to hear that musical improvisation cannot be taught. Nevertheless, there are theorists who at the very least appear to be arguing that improvisation cannot be taught. Furthermore, it be unreasonable to believe that music-making cannot be taught since learning music from instruction by teachers happens everyday anywhere in the world. Since some theorists believe that music-making always includes improvisational aspects this should incline one to believe that at least some aspects of improvisation are teachable.

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Which philosophers believe that artistic jazz improvisation cannot be taught?

A possible philosopher who may believe improvisation cannot be taught is Immanuel Kant. He believes that the product of art is the result of geniuses producing art that conforms to a rule, but that these sorts of rule-generated products cannot be taught to anyone because even the artist herself doesn't know how to explain its production, so cannot teach it to others, or even to oneself.

“artistic skill cannot be communicated; it is imparted to every artist immediately by the hand of nature; and so it dies with him, until nature endows another in the same way . . . ” (bold not in original)

Immanuel Kant in The Critique of Judgment, §47 "Elucidation and confirmation of the above explanation of Genius,", 191

“Every one is agreed that genius is entirely opposed to the spirit of imitation. Now since learning is nothing but imitation, it follows that the greatest ability and teachableness (capacity) regarded quâ teachableness, cannot avail for genius. Even if a man thinks or invents for himself, and does not merely take in what others have taught, even if he discovers many things in art and science, this is not the right ground for calling such a (perhaps great) head, a genius . . . For even these things could be learned, they lie in the natural path of him who investigates and reflects according to rules; and they do not differ specifically from what can be acquired by industry through imitation.” (bold not in original)

Immanuel Kant in The Critique of Judgment, §47 "Elucidation and confirmation of the above explanation of Genius," 113.

If a jazz improvisation is ever the product of genius, then, according to the above quotations, the rule conforming artistic product that results, according to Kant, cannot be teachable. And, who would deny that many great jazz improvisations are exemplary artworks resulting from artistic genius?

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What does teachable mean?

Teachable means "capable of being taught or instructed." One teaches when one imparts "knowledge of or skill in" a subject matter. It is giving instruction in about the subject matter under question. To give instruction to budding musicians is to provide to the student learner an education by imparting to that person knowledge or information, possible orders or directions, for how to accomplish musical goals. Synonyms include: inform, enlighten, discipline, drill, school, indoctrinate or coach.

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What are the goals of an effective jazz improvisation?

Some answers to this last question can be found at PoJ.fm's Ontimpr1. What is improvisation? and also at Ontpj8. What intentions does a jazz improviser have?.

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Can a music teacher of jazz improvisation impart knowledge and provide directions to a student on how to improvise?

The answer is clearly "Yes." There are a lot of musical features and information that a teacher of music can impart to a jazz student improviser, both positively and negatively. For example, a teacher can inform a student that during her improvisation that she should stay in the same musical key as the song she uses to improvise from. This is a positive suggestion. A negative piece of information, or critique, is not to be overly repetitious during the improvisation. Both of these directions are obviously teachable to a student because this information can be transferred from teacher to student.

By the definition of teachable given above that something is teachable if one can impart knowledge or directions in how to master skills and/or improve one's knowledge, then because jazz teachers do just this for their students, it follows that much of improvisational skills can be taught and imparted from one person to another.

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Reasons to think that jazz improvisational knowledge and skills CAN be imparted from a teacher to a student

If you can teach yourself jazz improvisational skills, then seeing as how you can be both teacher and student, then jazz improvisational skills are teachable.

Answering this question will depend upon what sort of advice can count as teaching. As a crude example, suppose a teacher tells a student to get better on playing his or her instrument. Does this count as having been taught something? The defensible answer can be that one has been taught a general lesson, which is that facility with one's musical instrument is an important component for playing music well.

Certainly expert and knowledgeable jazz musicians can critique a student's improvisations and make suggestions for improvement. The Jazz Theory Handbook has numerous “points of advice” for how to work on improving one's improvisations:

• But learning licks, like knowing theory, is not really the point, either. The objective of all of this educational preparation, is to enrich your personal resources, so that your creativity has the best possible tools to work with.
• When you perform, all of your theory training should recede to the background. Play from your own sense of expression and continuity. Play by ear. Try to get beyond theory.
• Everything you play should mean something. What are you trying to say in your solo?
• Don't just improvise with notes; don't just improvise with phrases. Use texture, emotion, volume, tone, range, rhythm, consonance and dissonance, to get your ideas across.
• Use space (rests) to frame your musical statement; they will be more effective.
• Learn some double-time (sixteenth note) licks that appeal to you; use them when you need more density, motion, or rhythmic excitement.
• Listen to the band. You are not improvising in a vacuum. Trade ideas back and forth.
• Listen to and watch the audience, and feel the mood of the overall environment.
• Constantly try to play beyond your own technical and conceptual limitations. (bold and bold italic not in original)

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Reasons to think that jazz improvisational knowledge and skills CANNOT be imparted from a teacher to a student

On the other hand, can a teacher ever teach a student to be a great improviser on their own? It isn't so clear. Suppose we exclude teaching yourself. Now can another teacher teach someone to improvise? We are not just talking about giving general advice, such as be creative and make your improvisations mean something, but the actual production of quality improvisations is always the responsibility of the improviser herself (or himself). How could this ever be taught to anyone?

How do great jazz improvisers learn or acquire the skills to produce great improvisations?

We know from studying the history of jazz that many great improvisers, such as Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, and John Coltrane spent a lot of time by themselves woodshedding on musical materials. Besides all of the assistance they received from other musicians and music teachers they each put in a lot of hard work by themselves.

Can one teach themselves to be a great improviser?

The answer to this question seems to be "Yes." A reason to believe this is that Charlie Parker as a younger musician was not a great improviser, but after he put in a lot of woodshedding practice Parker became a great jazz improviser. How did this happen if he didn't teach himself how to do it?

What does it take to be a great jazz improviser?

See "What makes a good musical improviser: An expert view on improvisational expertise."

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Kant on Artistic Talent and Implications for Creating Artistic Jazz Improvisations

Eighteenth century German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) might answer the question of how to create artistic jazz improvisations by saying it takes originality and that originality is the opposite of imitation and that originality cannot be taught but is the work of innate genius resulting from the individual having been endowed by nature to have these capacities for generating original artwork built in.

“For in the fact that the former talent [teachable rule-following ability like Isaac Newton's accomplishments in his Principia Mathematica] is directed to the ever-advancing greater perfection of knowledge and every advantage depending on it, and at the same time to the imparting this same knowledge to others—in this it has a great superiority over (the talent of) those who deserve the honour of being called geniuses. For art stands still at a certain point; a boundary is set to it beyond which it cannot go, which presumably has been reached long ago and cannot be extended further. Again, artistic skill cannot be communicated; it is imparted to every artist immediately by the hand of nature; and so it dies with him, until nature endows another in the same way, so that he only needs an example in order to put in operation in a similar fashion the talent of which he is conscious.” (bold and bold italic not in original)

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Objections to Kant on Artistic Jazz Improvisation Learning

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

      Immanuel Kant

is caught in a dilemma of his own making. Kant maintains the following claims about art production requiring genius's aesthetic abilities to manifest themselves as explained by Douglas Burnham

Douglas Burnham

for the article "Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics" in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

“Kant must overcome these paradoxes and explain how fine art can be produced at all. In section 46 (of the Critique of Judgment ) the first step is taken when Kant, in initially defining 'genius', conflates 'nature' in the first sense above (i.e., (1) in expressions like 'the nature of X' (e.g. 'the nature of human cognition'), it means those properties which belong essentially to X. This can either be an empirical claim or, more commonly in Kant, a priori) with nature in the third sense (namely, (3) If I say 'nature as an object of cognition' I mean any object capable of being dealt with 'objectively' or 'scientifically'. This includes things in space outside of us, but also aspects of sensible human nature that are the objects of sciences such as psychology). He writes,

Genius is the talent (natural endowment) that gives the rule to art. Since talent is an innate productive ability of the artist and as such belongs itself to nature, we could also put it this way: Genius is the innate mental predisposition (ingenium) through which nature gives the rule to art. (sect.46)

In other words, that which makes it possible to produce (fine art) is not itself produced—not by the individual genius, nor (we should add) through his or her culture, history, education, etc. From the definition of genius as that talent through which nature gives the rule to art follows (arguably!) the following key propositions. First, fine art is produced by individual humans, but not as contingent individuals. That is, not by human nature in the empirically known sense. Second, fine art as aesthetic (just like nature as aesthetic) can have no definite rules or concepts for producing or judging it. But genius supplies a rule, fully applicable only in the one, concrete instance, precisely by way of the universal structures of the genius' mental abilities (which again, is 'natural' in sense one).” (bold not in original)

These positions adopted by Immanuel Kant can be summarized as follows,

1. Only geniuses can produce original artwork.
2. Genius's art abilities are innate and cannot be taught to anyone.
3. Therefore, no art could be produced by non-genius (art) makers who had acquired their knowledge and skills from teachers of that knowledge and of those skills where these learned skills and knowledge were in part responsible for the artwork product.

If he sticks to his claim that true artistic ability is innate and the only artistic production by geniuses is possible, then this has conflicts with basic beliefs about the artistic merits of outstanding jazz improvisations. Kant argues that Art by geniuses to be great art has to be used by other (artists) as exemplars to follow and imitate. According to Kant, a genius's artistic vision results from unteachable innate skills that can never be taught nor therefore learned either. It follows that great artist jazz improvisers cannot have learned or been taught the very thing that is making their art great because if improvisations could be taught then it would be following a rule teachable system and so would not be art which must transcend rules by providing the rule for the concept behind the art.

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Kant's Dilemma: Are jazz improvisations art created by geniuses?

Dilemma: either (HORN 1) JAZZ IS NOT ART because jazz improvisation skills and knowledge can be taught, learned, and are not just innate from nature awaiting a reawakening or (HORN 2) JAZZ CAN BE ART because great artistic jazz improvisations only come from an innate talent inborn from the artist and this artistic skill or ability wasn't taught or learned from anyone.

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Objections to Both Horns of Kant's Dilemma

On either branch of the dilemma Kant's position contravenes well known facts.

Why Kant's first horn is false

With respect to (HORN 1) many theoreticians, scholars, historians, critics, music lovers, listeners, and fans rightly believe and would exclaim that high level jazz improvisations, that is, the work product of the musicians concerned, the music itself, can be art and was produced by the musician artist. So (HORN 1) is false because of its conclusion that jazz is not art.

Why Kant's second horn is false

(HORN 2) is wrong equally as much when it holds that a jazz musician's artistic knowledge and skills could only have been all innate and that none of it could have been acquired from teachers. All jazz improvisers report that each has had many teachers who imparted musical knowledge and skills pertinent to mastering artistic jazz improvisations. These teachers many times also helped to contribute other qualities to their students, such as courage, bravery, stubbornness, determination, perseverance, stability, financial advice, moral support, and so forth.

If these genius capacities are built in then why don't they automatically announce themselves? Why does it take time for them to develop over time and they improve with increased experiences and practice? So, the second Horn's premise is false since jazz improvisation can be taught.

Certainly, the author's of many textbooks on teaching music, and especially instructions on how to improvise, would disagree that improvisation is not teachable or that knowledge about how to improvise cannot be transferred from teacher to student. For example, Barry J. Kenny and Martin Gellrich, in their "Ch 8: Improvisation," from The Science and Psychology of Music Performance: Creative Strategies for Teaching and Learning, ed. Richard Parncutt and Gary E. McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 117.

“A feature common to all improvisation, however, is that the creative decisions of its performers are made within the real time restrictions of performance itself. Improvisation is therefore considered to be a performance art par excellence, requiring not only a lifetime of preparation across a broad range of musical and nonmusical formative experiences, but also a sophisticated and eclectic skills base. The chapter reflects on psychological models and their attempts to simulate improvising processes and constraints, the means by which improvisers acquire performance skills, improvisation as part of a larger, co-collaborative creative endeavor, recent studies highlighting the benefits of improvisation in a learning situation, and improvisation as a means of revitalizing Western education. Practical implications and an integrated model for learning to improvise are discussed in the final section.” (bold not in original)

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Internet Resources on Learning to Improvise

• "How To Learn Jazz Improvisation: The Ultimate Guide" by Forrest, posted March 20, 2012 at JazzAdvice.com

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NOTES