View source for Jazz History

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[[file:Greatest_package.jpeg]]
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==[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|'''Discussion''']]==
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== <span style="color:fuchsia">'''JAZZ HISTORY'''</span>==
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http://i.giphy.com/V370KCBmYYhm8.gif
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===<span style="color:teal">On the '''Word “Jazz”'''</span>===

* <span style="color:blue">Earliest known recording of word “jazz” in lyrics (pictured below) from 1912 which you can hear by clicking under the picture.</span> 


: [[file:Jazz_first.jpeg]]

* [http://www.wbgo.org/internal/mediaplayer/?podcastID=1297 Hear Earliest Recording With the Word “Jazz” in Lyrics]

* [http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/more/371/ Dave Wilton on the etymology of the word "jazz"] <span style="color:green">“There are a lot of stories about the origin of the word jazz, most amounting to no more than speculation asserted as fact.  But patient accumulation of the evidence by researcher Gerald Cohen and others has finally sorted out the origin.  Jazz started out as an early 20th century baseball term for pep or energy and transferred over to the vigorous and exciting new musical style.”</span> <span style="color:blue">For details click on the link.</span>

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===<span style="color:teal">'''Introduction''' to the History of Jazz</span>===

<span style="color:blue">Jazz has evolved from several different types and strains of music and has itself produced numerous jazz styles.  It has always been a hybrid music (combination of types).  Pre-cursor music to jazz was European twelve tone classical music, African rhythms, ragtime, marches, brass bands, chamber orchestras, work songs, spirituals, church call and response, dixieland, and even opera.  Jazz’s origins can be traced to specific geographical locations starting with New Orleans (Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet), Chicago (where Oliver and Armstrong went from New Orleans), New York City, Kansas City, Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Los Angeles.</span>

<span style="color:blue">The origins of jazz are obscure due to the lack of recording technology.  The first recorded jazz music is credited to the Original Dixieland Jazz (or Jass) Band in 1917.  The music was developed primarily by people of color (non-white) especially Creoles (people with French heritage) and by African Americans.  The music was nurtured by urban musicians in New Orleans and played in whorehouses, funeral services, parades, and dance halls. </span>

<span style="color:blue">Although there is '''''controversy over the definition of jazz''''' music everyone is agreed that its '''''most important element''''' and '''''part of the essence of jazz playing''''' is '''improvisation'''.  Improvised music consists of spontaneous composition.  The jazz artist must produce new music on the spot often against an established melody or group of chord changes, modes, or musical forms (melody, harmony, rhythm).</span>

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===<span style="color:pink">'''Early Jazz History'''</span>===

====<span style="color:teal">History of the '''Phonograph'''</span>====

<span style="color:blue">'''Thomas Alva Edison''' invented the phonograph (literally meaning “sound writer”) in 1877 using tinfoil discs.  Edison was not the first to invent a mechanical device that could record sound.   The very first recording device was developed by a Frenchman '''Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville''' and patented on March 25, 1857.  His device could record sound to a visible medium, but had no means to play back the sound after it was recorded.  Edison’s device could do so.  However, Edison’s use of tinfoil for his recording and playback medium was impractical as the tinfoil tore easily, its sound was distorted and squeaky, and it was good for only a few playbacks.</span>

<span style="color:blue">A distinct improvement in sound quality and longevity was accomplished by '''Alexander Graham Bell''' at Bell’s Volta laboratory in Washington, D.C. using waxed cylinders.  Bell and his two associates developed the wax cylinders beginning in 1879 and patented the technique in 1886.</span>

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===<span style="color:teal">'''Eight Major Revolutions in Jazz'''</span>===

* <span style="color:#00008B">(1) '''Early jazz'''  (1890-1931):  Combining Ragtime with the Blues ('''Jelly Roll Morton''' 1890-1941) </span> 
* <span style="color:#00008B">(2) '''Swing''' (1935-1948) ('''Duke Ellington''', '''Benny Goodman''', '''Glenn Miller''', '''Count Basie''')</span>
* <span style="color:#00008B">(3) '''Bebop''' (1941-1958)  ('''Charlie Parker''' & '''Dizzy Gillespie''', '''Thelonious Monk''', '''Max Roach''')</span>
* <span style="color:#00008B">(4) '''Latin Jazz''' (1950-future) ('''Machito''', '''Tito Puente''', '''Cal Tjader''', '''Poncho Sanchez'''</span>
* <span style="color:#00008B">(5) '''Free jazz''' (1959-future) ('''Ornette Coleman''', '''Peter Brötzmann'''</span>
* <span style="color:#00008B">(6) '''Soul Jazz''' & '''Funk Jazz''' (1965-future) ('''Horace Silver''', '''Cannonball Adderley''')</span>
* <span style="color:#00008B">(7) '''Jazz-Rock Fusion''' (1968-future) (after 1969 '''Miles Davis''', '''Mahavishnu Orchestra''', '''Weather Report''', '''Return to Forever''')</span>
* <span style="color:#00008B">(8) '''World fusion jazz''' (1970’s-future) ('''Don Cherry''', '''Stan Getz''', '''Rudresh '''Mahanthappa''', '''Anouar Brahem''') </span>

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====<span style="color:teal">'''Swing era musicians''' ordered by lifespan with links to biographies at Wikipedia</span>====

* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Whiteman Paul Whiteman] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1890–1967) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson Fletcher Henderson] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1897–1952) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1899–1974) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hines Earl Hines] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1903–1983) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Waller Fats Waller] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1943) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller Glenn Miller] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1944) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey Jimmy Dorsey] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1957) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins Coleman Hawkins] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1969) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie William "Count" Basie] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1984) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey Tommy Dorsey] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1905–1956) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodges Johnny Hodges] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1907–1970) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_Calloway Cab Calloway] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1907–1994) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Carter Benny Carter] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1907–2003) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Tatum Art Tatum] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1909–1956) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Webster Ben Webster] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1909–1973) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman Benny Goodman] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1909–1986) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Shaw Artie Shaw] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1910–2004) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_McShann Jay McShann] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1916–2006) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Christian Charlie Christian] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1918–1942) </span>

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===<span style="color:teal">'''Table of Jazz Musicians''' by Decade and Instrument</span>===

<span style="color:blue">Tables organizing musicians by dates are problematic.  By what criteria should a musician's name be associated with a date?  Should it be when he or she is born?  No, they have not yet developed musical skills or accomplishments.  Even after picking a criterion, it remains a challenge precisely where to put a particular musician into which time period. </span>

<span style="color:blue">The following table uses the criterion of placing musicians into time periods when they '''first came to prominence'''.  Most of these musicians then remained active in the field for several more decades although their names are not repeated later in the table. </span>

<span style="color:blue">Tables at PoJ.Fm use the following abbreviations table to abbreviate the names of musical instruments.</span>

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====<span style="color:teal">'''Abbreviations Table''' of Musical Instruments</span>====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| style="width:40%; height:100px" border="1"
|- "
|+ '''Abbreviations Table of Musical Instruments'''
! style="background:#87D3F8;" | '''Abbreviation'''
! colspan="2" style="background:#a6ebd2;" | '''Musical Instrument'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">as</span> || [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone <span style="color:#00C4B0">alto saxophone </span>]
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">b</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">bass </span> 
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">bcl</span> || [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet <span style="color:#00C4B0">bass clarinet</span>]
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">brs</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">baritone saxophone </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">cello</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">cello </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">cl</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">clarinet </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">co</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">cornet </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">d</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">drums </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">db</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">double bass</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">eg</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">electric guitar </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">fl</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">flute</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">kb</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">keyboards</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">p</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">piano </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">perc</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">percussion</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">pic</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">piccolo</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">p.org<span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">pipe organ</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">scl</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">soprano clarinet</span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">ss</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">soprano saxophone </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">tar</span> || [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tárogató <span style="color:#00C4B0">tárogató</span>]
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">tr</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">trumpet </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">trb</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">trombone </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">ts</span> || [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone <span style="color:#00C4B0">tenor saxophone </span>]
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">vibes</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">vibraphone </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">vio</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">violin </span>
|- style="text-align:center"
| <span style="visibility: hidden;">++++</span><span style="color:#007FFF">voc</span> || <span style="color:#00C4B0">vocalist </span>
|-
|}

<div style="padding-left:25px;padding-right:30px;">
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===<span style="color:teal">'''Table of Musicians''' by Decade and Musical Instruments</span>===
<br/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Time !! Style !! Horn Player !! Pianist !! Composer/Arranger !! Rhythm Section
|-
| '''1920's''' || '''Early jazz''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Buddy Bolden (cor)<br/>Joe "King" Oliver (cor)<br/>Nick LaRocca (cor, tr)<br/>Sidney Bechet (cl) <br/>Louis Armstrong (tr)<br/>Bix Beiderbecke (cor) <br/>Jack Teagarden (trb) <br/>Kid Ory (trb) <br/>Red Nichols (cor) </span>
|| <span style="color:blue">James&nbsp;P.&nbsp;Johnson<br/>Jelly&nbsp;Roll&nbsp;Morton<br/> Tony Jackson <br/> Earl Hines </span>|| <span style="color:brown">Jelly Roll Morton</span> || <span style="color:green">Baby Dodds (d) <br/>Zutty Singleton (d) <br/>Pops Foster (b) </span>
|-
| '''Early 1930's''' || '''Dance band''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Roy Eldridge (tr) <br/>Coleman Hawkins (ts)<br/>Johnny&nbsp;Hodges&nbsp;(as,ss)<br/>Benny Carter (as/cl/tr) <br/>Ben Webster (ts) </span> || <span style="color:blue">Earl Hines <br/>Fats Waller <br/>Art Tatum <br/>Teddy Wilson </span> || <span style="color:brown">Duke Ellington <br/>Fletcher Henderson <br/>Cab Calloway <br/>Benny Carter <br/>Tommy Dorsey <br/>Glenn Miller <br/>Benny Goodman <br/>Artie Shaw <br/>Count Basie </span> || <span style="color:green">Chick Webb (d) <br/>Dave Tough (d) <br/>Sid Catlett (d) <br/>Gene Krupa (d) <br/>Milt Hinton (b) </span>
|-
| '''1935-1950''' || '''Swing''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Lester Young (ts/cl) <br/>Cootie Williams (tr) <br/>Johnny Hodges (ts) <br/>Paul Gonsalves (ts) <br/>Coleman Hawkins (ts) <br/>Ben Webster (ts) <br/>Roy Eldridge (tr)<br/> Harry&nbsp;“Sweets”&nbsp;Edison&nbsp;(tr)<br/>Cootie Williams (ts) <br/>Charlie Shavers (ts)</span> || <span style="color:blue">Duke Ellington <br/>Nat King Cole <br/> Count Basie <br/>Teddy Wilson <br/>Erroll Garner <br/>Oscar Peterson </span> || <span style="color:brown">Jay McShann <br/>Duke Ellington </span> || <span style="color:green">Count Basie Band&nbsp;‘37-’43<br/>Jimmy Blanton (b) <br/>Charlie Christian (g) <br/>Herb Ellis (g) <br/>Barney Kessell (g) <br/>Django Reinhardt (g) <br/>Lionel Hampton (vibes) <br/>Jimmy Blanton (b) <br/>Walter Page (b) <br/>Slam Stewart (b) <br/>Jo Jones (d) <br/>Sam Woodyard (d) </span><br/> &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br/><span style="color:#CC00FF">Billie Holiday (voc) <br/>Dinah Washington (voc) <br/>Ella Fitzgerald (voc) </span>
|-
| '''Early 1940's''' || '''Bebop''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Charlie Parker (as) <br/> Dizzy Gillespie (tr) <br/>Lester Young (ts,cl) <br/>Coleman Hawkins (ts) <br/>Roy Eldridge (tr) <br/>Sonny Stitt (as,ts) <br/>Lucky&nbsp;Thompson&nbsp;(ts,ss) <br/>Fats Navarro (tr) <br/>Kenny Dorham (tr) <br/>Miles Davis </span> || <span style="color:blue">Thelonious&nbsp;Monk <br/>Bud Powell <br/>Duke Jordan <br/>Al Haig </span> || <span style="color:brown"> Thelonious Monk <br/>Charlie Parker <br/>Dizzy Gillespie <br/>Tadd Dameron </span> || <span style="color:green">Charlie&nbsp;Christian&nbsp;(electric guitar)<br/>Max Roach (d) <br/>Milt Hinton (b) <br/>Roy Haynes (d) <br/> Kenny Clarke (d) <br/>Oscar Pettiford (b) <br/>Tommy Potter (b) <br/>Charles Mingus (b) <br/>Art Blakey (d) <br/>Jo Jones (d) <br/>Milt Jackson (vibes) </span>
|-
| '''Late 1940's''' || '''Bebop''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Dexter Gordon (ts) <br/> Kai Winding (trb) <br/> Allen Eager (as, ts) <br/> J.J. Johnson (trb) <br/> Cecil Payne (b) <br/> Sonny Stitt (as) <br/> Kenny Dorham (tr) <br/> Fats Navarro (tr) <br/> Sonny Rollins (ts) <br/> James Moody (ts) <br/> Clifford Brown (tr) <br/> </span> ||  || <span style="color:brown">Stan Kenton <br/>Benny Goodman <br/>Woody Herman <br/>Claude Thornhill </span> || <span style="color:green">Philly Jo Jones (d) <br/> Ray Brown (b) </span> <br/>
|-
| '''Early 1950's''' || '''Cool jazz''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Miles Davis (tr) <br/>Gerry Mulligan (bs) <br/>Lee Konitz (as) <br/>Warne Marsh (ts) </span> || <span style="color:blue">Lennie Tristano </span> || <span style="color:brown">Gil Evans <br/>John Lewis <br/>Gerry Mulligan </span> || <span style="color:green">drummers </span>
|-
| '''Late 1950's''' || '''West Coast''' || <span style="color:#F70D1A">Art Pepper (as) <br/>Chet Baker (tr) <br/>Stan Getz (ts) <br/>Gerry Mulligan (bs) </span> || <span style="color:blue">Dave Brubeck </span> || <span style="color:brown">Gerry Mulligan <br/>Shorty Rogers <br/>Jimmy Giuffre </span> || <span style="color:green">Chico Hamilton (d) </span>
|}

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===<span style="color:teal">'''Early Jazz Styles and Some of Their Representatives'''</span>===

====<span style="color:teal">'''Early''' Jazz</span>====

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">Dixieland –  (<span style="color:#9F1D35">Original Dixieland Jazz Band</span>) </span>

<div align="center">
[[file:Original_Dixieland2.jpeg]]
</div>
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* <span style="color:#3F00FF">Ragtime – (<span style="color:#9F1D35">Scott Joplin (p)</span>) </span>

<div align="center">
[[file:Scott_Joplin.jpeg]]
</div>
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====<span style="color:teal">'''Table of Early Jazz Musicians''' by Instrument and Lifespan Dates</span>====

*<span style="color:purple">Ragtime, Dixieland, Piano Professors </span>
* <span style="color:purple">Migration from New Orleans to other large cities (Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Kansas City, Memphis, etc.) </span>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Musician !! Instrument !! Lifespan Dates
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Buddy Bolden </span></div>||  <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1877–1930</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Joe "King" Oliver</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet </span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1885–1938 </span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Kid Ory</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Trombone</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1886–1973 </span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Freddie Keppard</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1889–1933</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Nick LaRocca</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet, Trumpet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1889–1961</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Jelly Roll Morton</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Piano</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1890–1941</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Johnny St. Cyr</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Banjo</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1890–1966</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Johnny Dodds</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Clarinet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1892–1940</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Sidney Bechet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Clarinet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1897–1959</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Willie "The Lion" Smith</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Stride piano</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1897–1973</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Lil Hardin Armstrong</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Piano</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1898–1971</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet, Trumpet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1901–1971</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Bix Beiderbecke</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1903–1931</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF"> Earl "Fatha" Hines</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Piano</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1903–1983</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Red Nichols</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Cornet</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1905–1965</span></div>
|-
| <div align="center"><span style="color:#0010FF">Art Tatum</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#C71585">Piano</span></div> || <div align="center"><span style="color:#519D7F">1909–1956</span></div>
|}

----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Jazz in the 1920’s''': Ragtime & Blues</span>===

====<span style="color:teal">Original Dixieland Jazz Band, Joe “King” Oliver (cornet), Louis Armstrong (trumpet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano), Bix Beiderbecke (trumpet), Sidney Bechet (clarinet)</span>====

----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Jazz in the 1930’s''': Big Band & Swing:  Big band orchestras of: Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie</span>===

<span style="color:blue">1931-1957</span>

<span style="color:#E34234">Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines, Jimmie Lunceford, Tommy Dorsey, Mills Blue Rhythm Band, Fletcher Henderson, Woody Herman, Artie Shaw, Chick Webb, Don Redman, Charlie Barnet, Casa Loma Orchestra, Lionel Hampton & Claude Hopkins, Georgie Auld, Cab Calloway, Bob Crosby, Jimmie Dorsey, Teddy Hill, Harry James, Gene Krupa, Stan Kenton, Glenn Miller, Shorty Rogers, Pete Rugolo, and Jack Teagarden. </span>

<span style="color:#E34234">1930-40's: Buddy Tate, Earle Warren, Jo Jones, Dickie Wells and Buck Clayton along with reminiscences from Andy Kirk, John Hammond. </span>
----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Swing era musicians''' ordered by lifespan with links to biographies at Wikipedia</span>===

* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Whiteman Paul Whiteman] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1890–1967) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson Fletcher Henderson] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1897–1952) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1899–1974) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hines Earl Hines] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1903–1983) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Waller Fats Waller] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1943) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller Glenn Miller] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1944) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey Jimmy Dorsey] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1957) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins Coleman Hawkins] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1969) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie William "Count" Basie] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1904–1984) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey Tommy Dorsey] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1905–1956) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodges Johnny Hodges] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1907–1970) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_Calloway Cab Calloway] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1907–1994) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Carter Benny Carter] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1907–2003) </span>
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Tatum Art Tatum] <span style="color:#FA5B3D">(1909–1956) </span>

----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Big Band''' Jazz (1920's-1940's)</span>===

<span style="color:blue">[http://www.thoughtco.com/michael-verity-2039108 Michael Verity] explains below in green font how jazz began to switch from group and big band arrangements in the late 1930's-early 1940's to increased emphasis on individual solo improvisations.   The innovations of '''Coleman Hawkins''' (1904-1969) and '''Lester Young''' (1909-1959) helped lead to further developments later in Bebop.</span>

<center>
{| border="0" style="background:transparent;" 
|-
|
[[Image:Coleman_Hawkins_right.jpeg|284x210px|thumb|left|<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++</span>Coleman Hawkins]]
||
[[Image:Coleman_Hawkins_publicity_small.jpeg|284x210px|thumb|left|<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++</span>Coleman Hawkins]] 
||
[[Image:Lester_Young_sitting_right.jpeg|284x210px|thumb|left|<span style="visibility: hidden;">++++++</span>Lester Young]]
||
[[Image:Lester_Young_graysuit_small.jpeg|284x210px|thumb|left|<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++</span>Lester Young]]
|}
</center>

<center>
{| border="0" style="background:transparent;"
|-
|
[[Image:Paul_Whiteman_victrola.jpeg|350px|thumb|left|Paul Whiteman]]
||
[[Image:Paul_Whiteman_record.jpeg|350px|thumb|left|Paul Whiteman record label]]
||
[[file:Paul_Whiteman_portrait.jpeg|350px|thumb|left|Paul Whiteman Portrait]]
|}
</center>

[[file:Coleman_Hawkins_right.jpeg]]  [[file:Coleman_Hawkins_publicity_small.jpeg ]]  [[file:Lester_Young_sitting_right.jpeg]] [[file:Lester_Young_graysuit_small.jpeg]] 

<blockquote><span style="color:green">“In 1922, '''Coleman Hawkins''' moved to New York, where he joined '''Fletcher Henderson’s''' (pictured below) orchestra.  Inspired by '''Louis Armstrong''' who briefly toured with the group, '''''Hawkins resolved to create an individualistic improvisation style'''''. </span>


<span style="color:green">The '''''primacy of the soloist''''' was budding thanks to '''Armstrong’s Hot Five recordings''' on Okeh Records. Famous songs included “Struttin’ With Some Barbecue,” and “Big Butter and Egg Man.” Saxophonist '''Sidney Bechet’s''' virtuosity was documented as well, with his 1923 recording of “Wild Cat Blues” and “Kansas City Blues.” </span> 

<span style="color:green">In 1927, cornetist '''Bix Beiderbecke''' recorded “In a Mist” with C-melody saxophone player '''Frankie Trumbauer'''.  Their refined and introspective approach contrasted with the gregarious New Orleans style.  Tenor saxophonist '''Lester Young''' brought the style to prominence, and offered an alternative to the gruffer playing of '''Coleman Hawkins'''. </span>

<span style="color:green">It wasn’t just in tone that the two differed. '''Young’s specialty''' was '''embellishing and creating melodies''', while '''Hawkins''' became an expert at '''outlining chord changes by playing arpeggios'''. The '''convergence of these two approaches''' were integral in the '''development of bebop''' in later years.”</span><ref>[http://www.thoughtco.com/jazz-by-decade-1930-1940-2039541 "Jazz by Decade 1930-40"] <span style="color:blue">by Michael Verity at ThoughtCo.com</span></ref> <span style="color:green">(bold not in original)</span>
</blockquote>


* <span style="color:#3F00FF">"Sweet" Big Band Dance Orchestras - "sweet" meant more lyrical, slow, and popular (<span style="color:#9F1D35">as represented by '''Paul Whiteman’s''' band</span>) </span>

<div align="center">
[[file:Paul_Whiteman_victrola.jpeg]] <span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++</span> [[file:Paul_Whiteman_record.jpeg]] <span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++</span> [[file:Paul_Whiteman_portrait.jpeg]] <span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++++++++</span>
</div>
----
* <span style="color:#3F00FF">"Hot" Big Band Dance Orchestras - "hot" meant faster, energetic, more powerful – </span>(<span style="color:#9F1D35">as represented by '''Glenn Miller''' or '''Fletcher Henderson’s''' Orchestras</span>)

<div align="center"><span style="color:#9F1D35">Glenn Miller </span></div> <br/>
<span style="visibility: hidden;">++++++</span>[[file:Glenn_Miller_bw.jpeg]]<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++++</span>[[file:Glenn_Miller_markee.jpeg]]<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++++</span>[[file:Glenn_Miller_reversed3.jpeg]]
----
<div align="center"><span style="color:#9F1D35">Fletcher Henderson </span></div> <br/>
[[file:Fletcher_Henderson_at_piano.jpeg]] <span style="visibility: hidden;">+</span><span style="visibility: hidden;">+</span>[[file:Fletcher_Henderson_music.jpeg]]<span style="visibility: hidden;">+</span>[[file:Fletcher_Henderson_left4.jpeg]]
----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Swing''' Bands (1935-1945)</span>===

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">Swing - Swing music became popular around 1935 (although it began in the 1920s).  It is distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 4/4 timing of earlier jazz with a walking bass line developed by '''Walter Page''' – (<span style="color:#9F1D35">Duke Ellington’s or Count Basie's Orchestras</span>) </span>

----

=====<span style="color:teal">'''Duke Ellington'''</span>=====

<div align="center"><span style="color:#9F1D35">Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington </span></div> <br/>
[[file:Duke_Ellington_standing.jpeg]] <span style="visibility: hidden;">+</span>[[file:Duke_Ellington_right.jpeg]]<span style="visibility: hidden;">+</span>[[file:Duke_Ellington_left2.jpeg]]<span style="visibility: hidden;">+</span>[[file:Duke_Ellington_orchestra2.jpeg]]
----

=====<span style="color:teal">'''Count Basie'''</span>=====
<div align="center"><span style="color:#9F1D35">William "Count" Basie </span></div> <br/>

[[file:Count_Basie_America.jpeg]]<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++</span>
<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++</span>
<span style="visibility: hidden;">+++++</span>
----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Table of Bebop''' Musicians by Instrument (early 1940's-1955)</span>===


* <span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Bebop''' developed in the 1940's and is characterized by '''sophisticated improvisations''' involving '''fast tempos''' with '''rhythmic unpredictability''' and '''harmonic complexity'''. </span>  [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebop Wikipedia on Bebop] <span style="color:#9F1D35">explains that Bebop musicians </span><span style="color:green">“explored advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, extended chords, chord substitutions, asymmetrical phrasing, and intricate melodies.” </span><span style="color:#9F1D35">The term “bebop” is an onomatopoeic reference to the accented melodic lines and references the rhythmic punches heard in the music.  A typical Bebop band consisted usually of '''saxophone''' and '''trumpet''' with rhythm sections of '''piano''', '''bass''', and '''drums'''.  Because the band had fewer members bebop shifted musical focus from complex band arrangements to increased improvisation and interaction between members.  The '''Bebop rhythm section''' (piano, bass, drums) innovated as well in that their roles were expanded from just being time-keepers to interacting with soloists and adding their own embellishments.  Bebop drummer '''Max Roach''' often gets credited for shifting focus '''from the [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum bass drum]''' '''to the''' '''[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_cymbal ride cymbal]''' as the '''main time-keeping element''' of the drum set.  This permitted greater flexibility in a group's overall sound and allowed soloist's room to experiment with rhythm while enabling drummers to interact more easily with soloists.</span>


<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Trumpet 🎺  !! Saxophone 🎷  !! Piano 🎹 !! Bass 🎻 !! Drum🥁  !! Guitar 🎸 !! Miscellaneous 🎼
|-
| John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie || Charlie "Bird" Parker (as) || Thelonious Monk || Oscar Pettiford (dbl. b, cello) || Max Roach  || Charlie Christian || J.J. Johnson (trb)
|-
| Fats Navarro || Sonny Stitt (ts,as) || Bud Powell || Ray Brown || Kenny Clarke || Kenny Burrell || Milt Jackson (vibes)
|-
| Clifford Brown || Dexter Gordon (ts) || Hank Jones || Edward Robinson || Denzil Best || Herb Ellis || Buddy DeFranco (cl)
|-
| Joe Guy  || Sonny Rollins (ts) || Clyde Hart || Milt Hinton || Roy Haynes  || Barney Kessel || Carl Fontana (trb)
|-
| Kenny Dorham || James Moody (ts) || Erroll Garner || Gene Ramey || Art Blakey || Pat Martino || Curtis Fuller (trb)
|-
| Miles Davis || Don Byas (ts) || Al Haig || Tommy Potter || Eddie Nicholson || Wes Montgomery || Frank Rosolino (trb)
|-
| Chet Baker || Gene Ammons (ts) || Dodo Marmarosa || Slam Stewart || Jimmy Cobb || Joe Pass || 
|-
| Howard McGhee || Leo Parker (baritone) || Sadik Hakim || Curley Russell || Stan Levey || Jimmy Raney,||
|-
| Blue Mitchell || Lucky Thompson (ts) || John Lewis || Paul Chambers || Philly Joe Jones || Ronnie Singer ||
|-
| Lee Morgan || Wardell Gray (ts) || Tad Dameron || Percy Heath|| Eric Ineke || Carlton Kitto ||  
|-
| Red Rodney || Julian "Cannonball" Adderley (as) || Lennie Tristano || Charles Mingus (p) ||  ||  ||
|-
| Ed Zandy || Lee Konitz (as) || Walter Davis, Jr. ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| || Charles McPherson (as) || Barry Harris ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| || Frank Morgan (as) || Ahmad Jamal ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| || Art Pepper (as) || Duke Jordan ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| || Pepper Adams (baritone) || Lou Levy ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| || John Coltrane (ts,ss) || Oscar Peterson ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| || Charlie Rouse (ts) || Horace Silver ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ||  || George Wallington ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ||  || Bill Evans ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|}
</div>

----
'''SWING ERA''' including trumpeters Joe Guy, Hot Lips Page, Roy Eldridge
----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Jazz in the 1940’s''':  Roy Eldridge (trumpet), Coleman Hawkins (tenor saxophone), Ben Webster (tenor saxophone), Lester Young (tenor saxophone)</span>===

----

===<span style="color:teal">'''Jazz in the 1950’s – Bebop''': Charlie “Bird” Parker (alto saxophone)</span>===


----
====<span style="color:teal">Cool Jazz, West Coast Jazz, Hard-Bop and Modern Mainstream</span>====

<span style="color:#E34234">'''Cool Jazz''': </span> <span style="color:#A40000">Miles Davis, Dave Brubeck, Modern Jazz Quartet, Lee Konitz, Gerry Mulligan, Shorty Rogers, Tony Scott & Bill Evans, J. J. Johnson, Lennie Tristano. </span>
 
<span style="color:#E34234">'''West Coast''': </span><span style="color:#A40000">Stan Getz ("West Coast Jazz"), Chet Baker ("Chet Baker and Crew"), Gerry Mulligan (California Concerts), Chico Hamilton ("Quintet; With Strings Attached"), Harold Land ("West Coast Blues"), Jimmy Giuffre (Jimmy Guiffre 3), Herb Geller, Barney Kessel, Clifford Brown, Tadd Dameron, Serge Chaloff, Shelly Manne, Art Pepper (Surf Ride), Shorty Rogers, Bill Perkins (Octet; On Stage), Howard Rumsey ('s Lighthouse Allstars; Lighthouse at Laguna), Marty Paich (I Got a Boot Out of You), Curtis Counce (Carl's Blues), Stu Williamson (Plays), Red Callendar (Swingin' Suite), Gerald Wiggins (Trio; Wiggin' with Wig), Bob Brookmeyer (The Modernity of Bob Brookmeyer), Dave Pell (Octet; Love Story), Teddy Edwards (Sunset Eyes).</span>

<span style="color:#E34234">'''Hard Bop''': </span><span style="color:#A40000">Clifford Brown, John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Cannonball Adderley, Thelonious Monk, Lee Morgan, Horace Silver, Jimmy Smith, Cannonball Adderley, Nat Adderley, Art Blakey, Thelonious Monk, Sony Clark, Paul Chambers, Miles Davis, Kenny Dorham, Dexter Gordon, Johnny Griffin, Thad Jones, Jackie McLean, Charlie Mingus, Hank Mobley, Max Roach, Prestige All-Stars. </span> 

<span style="color:#E34234">'''Modern Mainstream''': </span><span style="color:#A40000">Dizzy Gillespie, Mose Allison, Kenny Burrell, Al Cohn, Zoot Sims, Herb Ellis, Erroll Garner, Dizzy Gillespie, Sonny Rollins, Sonny Stitt, Milt Jackson, J. J. Johnson, Kai Winding, Quincy Jones, Oscar Peterson, Buddy DeFranco, Oscar Peterson, Zoot Sims, Birdland Stars, Four Brothers. </span>

----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Cool jazz/West Coast jazz''' – (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Miles Davis''' (tr), '''Chet Baker''' (tr), '''Gerry Mulligan''' (bs), '''Dave Brubeck''' (p), '''Lennie Tristano''' (p)</span>)</span>

----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Bossa Nova''' - Brazilian music and jazz  (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Stan Getz''' (ts)</span>) </span>

----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Modal Jazz''' - (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Miles Davis’s''' “Kind of Blue”</span>) </span>


----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Hard Bop''' - (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Art Blakey’s''' Jazz Messengers, '''Horace Silver''' (p), '''Clifford Brown''' (tr), '''Lou Donaldson''' (as), '''Max Roach''' (d), '''Miles Davis''' (tr) in the early 1950's, '''Jimmy Smith''' (org), '''Stanley Turrentine''' (ts), '''Julian "Cannonball" Adderley''' (as), '''Johnny Griffin''' (ts), '''Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis''' (ts), '''Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland''' Big Band, '''Charlie Rouse''' (ts,fl)</span>) </span>


:: <span style="color:blue">'''Horace Silver''', '''Cannonball Adderley''', the stark, astringent, tormented music of saxophonists '''Jackie McLean''', and '''Tina Brooks'''; the gentler, more lyrical contributions of trumpeter '''Art Farmer''', pianists '''Hank Jones''' and '''Tommy Flanagan''', composer '''Gigi Gryce'''; and such consciously experimental and truly one-of-a-kind players and composers as '''Andrew Hill''', '''Sonny Rollins''', '''John Coltrane''', '''Charles Mingus'''.</span>



----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Free jazz''' - (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Ornette Coleman''' (ts,as,vio,tr), '''Peter Brötzmann''' (as), '''Albert Ayler''' (ts,as)</span>) </span>


----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Soul Jazz''' -  (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Cannonball Adderley''' (as), '''Horace Silver''' (p)</span>) </span>


----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Latin Jazz''' - (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Machito''' (voc, conductor, maraca's), '''Tito Puente''' (timbales), '''Cal Tjader''' (vibes), '''Poncho Sanchez''' (congas)</span>) </span>



----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Third Stream''' - classical music & jazz (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Paul Whiteman''' (viola, violin, conductor), '''Gunther Schuller''' (theorist, conductor, French horn, fl), '''Modern Jazz Quartet'''</span>)</span>



----

* <span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Jazz-Rock fusion''' – (<span style="color:#9F1D35">post 1969 '''Miles Davis''', '''Mahavishnu Orchestra''', '''Weather Report''', '''Return to Forever'''</span>) </span>


----

===<span style="color:#3F00FF">'''Table of Post Bop''' jazz musicians by instrument </span>===

<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Trumpet !! Saxophone !! Trombone !! Piano !! Bass !! Drums !! Guitar !! Miscellaneous 
|-
| Miles Davis (1956-68) || John Coltrane (ts,as) || J. J. Johnson || Tommy Flanagan || Paul Chambers || “Philly” Joe Jones || Kenny Burrell || Jimmy Guiffre (cl)
|-
| Freddie Hubbard || Eric Dolphy (as) || Curtis Fuller || Herbie Hancock || Ron Carter || Jimmy Cobb || Joe Pass || Eric Dolphy (fl,cl,bcl,piccolo)
|-
| Lee Morgan || Julian “Cannonball” Adderley (as) ||   || McCoy Tyner || Jimmy Garrison || Tony Williams || Wes Montgomery ||  
|-   
| Woody Shaw || Wayne Shorter (as,ss) ||   || Red Garland || Charles Mingus (p) || Elvin Jones || Jim Hall || Larry Young (org)
|-
| Booker Little || George Coleman (as,ts) ||   || Bill Evans || Scott LaFaro  || Paul Motion ||   || Toots Thielemans (harmonica)
|-
| Nat Adderley || Sonny Rollins (ts) ||   || Wynton Kelly || Ray Brown || Billy Higgins ||   || Bobby Hutcherson (vibes)
|-
| Donald Ayler || Jackie McLean (as) ||   || Hank Jones || Percy Heath || Ben Riley ||   || 
|-
| Donald Byrd || Dexter Gordon (ts) ||   || Bobby Timmons || Sam Jones || Ed Blackwell ||   || 
|-
| Benny Carter || Joe Henderson (ts) ||   || Mal Waldron || Buster Williams ||   ||   || 
|-
| Ted Curson || Charlie Rouse (ts,fl) ||   || Andrew Hill || Reggie Workman ||   ||   || 
|-
|  || Joe Lovano (ts) ||  || Cedar Walton || Doug Watkins ||  || || 
|-
|  || Phil Woods (as) ||  ||  Chick Corea || Red Mitchell ||  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  ||  || Ahmad Jamal ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  ||  || Gil Evans (orch) ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|}
</div>
----

===<span style="color:#3F00FF">Table of '''Post Bop Jazz Vocalists'''</span>===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Female !! Male 
|-
| Sarah Vaughan || Jon Hendricks
|-
| Betty Carter || Eddie Jefferson
|-
| Carmen McRae || 
|-
| Abbey Lincoln ||  
|-
| Shirley Horn || 
|-
|  ||  
|-
|  || 
|-
|  ||  
|-
|}

----
* <span style="color:#3F00FF">World fusion jazz – (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Shakti''', '''Nguyen Le'''</span>) </span>


----
* <span style="color:#3F00FF">Heavy Metal Jazz – (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Last Exit'''</span>) </span>


----
* <span style="color:#3F00FF">Creative Improvised Music – heavy blowing, traditional/non-traditional,  and free (<span style="color:#9F1D35">'''Sun Ra''', '''Peter Brötzmann''', '''Anthony Braxton''', '''AACM''', '''Henry Threadgill'''</span>)</span>


----
* <span style="color:#9F1D35">color </span>
----




----

==<span style="color:fuchsia">'''Internet Resources''' on Jazz History</span>==

* [http://www.jazzinamerica.org/JazzResources/Timeline '''Jazz Timeline''' from Jazz in America (Thelonious Monk Institute)]
* [http://pdalbury.wordpress.com/2012/09/15/jazz-family-tree/ '''Jazz Family Tree''' by Styles & Dates (1863-1980)]


[[file:Original_dixieland_jazz_band.jpeg]]

<br/>
----

=='''NOTES'''==
<references/>

</div>